HISTORICAL VIEWS ON MANAGEMENT
CLASSICAL APPROACH
-Assumption : People are rational
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
:
-FW TAYLOR,
-THE GILBRETHS
ADMINISTRATION
PRINCIPLES:
-HENRY FAYOL
-MARY PARKER FOLLET
BEUREAUCRATIC
ORGANIZATION
-MAX WEBER
-Theory
An explanation for how or why something occurs. . .
Functions of Theory
—Describe
—Explain
—Predict
—Control
—Classical approaches to
organizational management and early
organizational theories were designed to predictand controlbehavior in
organizations.
Classical Theories of
Organizations
—Emerged in early part of the
twentieth century.
—Features
Strict
CONTROL of workers
Absolute
CHAINS of COMMAND
PREDICTABILITY
of behavior
UNIDIRECTIONAL
downward influence
Classical Theories of
Organizations: Relevancy and Metaphor
—How and Why does studying
classical theory help us to understand how modern organizations function and
particularly the role that communication plays in effective organizing?
—What is the metaphor which
characterizes the classical approach to organizations?
The Metaphor of the Machine
—Organizations are viewed as if
they are machines.
¡Managerial
principles
¡Modes
of operation
¡Treatment
of workers
¡Communication
in the organization
—Properties of Machines
¡Very
predictable
¡Rarely
deviates from the norm
¡Replace
defective parts with other “standard” parts
¡Specific
rules exist regarding repair and specific roles
—Organizational Application
¡Workers
behave predictably-management knows what to expect
¡Workers
operating outside expectations are replaced
Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management
—Frederick Taylor (1856-1915)
¡“The
Father of Scientific Management”
¡Maximize
worker capacity and profits
¡PROBLEM: Get employees to work at their maximum
capacity
¡PRIMARY
FOCUS: TASKS
—Systematic Soldiering
¡Deliberately
working slowly as to avoid expanding more effort than deemed necessary
¡Reasons
÷Reduction
in workforce due to decreased need
÷Piecework
system of remuneration -raise production requirements without increasing pay
÷Rule
of thumb training methods -inefficient
Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management
—Elements of Scientific Management
¡Scientific
design of every aspect of every task
÷Time
and Motion Studies
¡Careful
selection and training of every task
¡Proper
remuneration for fast and high-quality work
÷Maximize
output -increase pay
¡Equal
division of work and responsibility between worker and manager
—Underlying Themes
¡Managers
are intelligent; workers are and should be ignorant
¡Provide
opportunities for workers to achieve greater financial rewards
¡Workers
are motivated almost solely by wages
¡Maximum
effort = Higher wages
¡Manager
is responsible for planning, training, and evaluating
Fayol’s Administrative Theory
—Henri Fayol(1841-1925)
¡General
and Industrial Management
¡Principles
and Elements of Management -how managers should accomplish their managerial
duties
¡PRIMARY
FOCUS: Management
(Functions of Administration)
¡More
Respect for Worker than Taylor
÷Workers
are motivated by more than money
÷Equity
in worker treatment
¡More
PRESCRIPTIVE
Fayol’s Administrative Theory
—Five Elements of Management
--Managerial Objectives
¡Planning
¡Organizing
¡Command
¡Coordination
¡Control
—Keep machine functioning
effectively and efficiently
—Replace quickly and efficiently
any part or process that did not contribute to the objectives
Fayol’s Administrative Theory
—Fourteen Principles of
Management (Tools for Accomplishing
Objectives)
¡Division
of work -limited set of tasks
¡Authority
and Responsibility -right to give orders
¡Discipline
-agreements and sanctions
¡Unity
of Command -only one supervisor
¡Unity
of Direction -one manager per set of activities
¡Subordination
of Individual Interest to General Interest
¡Remuneration
of Personnel -fair price for services
¡Centralization
-reduce importance of subordinate’s role
¡Scalar
Chain -Fayol’sbridge
¡Order
-effective and efficient operations
¡Equity
-kindliness and justice
¡Stability
of Tenure of Personnel -sufficient time for familiarity
¡Initiative
-managers should rely on workers’ initiative
¡Esprit
de corps -“union is strength” “loyal
members”
Fayol’s Administrative Theory
—Positioned communication as a
necessary ingredient to successful management
—Application in the Modern
Workplace
¡Fayol’selements
of management are recognized as the main objectives of modern managers
¡Planning
-more participatory
¡Organizing
-human relationships and communication
Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy
—Max Weber (1864-1920)
¡German
Sociologist
¡Theory
of Social and Economic Organization (1947)
¡Principles
and Elements of Management -describe an ideal or pure form of organizational
structure (general policy and specific commands
¡PRIMARY
FOCUS: Organizational Structure
¡Worker
should respect the “right” of managers to direct activities dictated by
organizational rules and procedures
Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy
—Bureaucracy allows for the
optimal form of authority -“rational authority”
—Three types of Legitimate
Authority
¡Traditional
Authority-past customs; personal loyalty
¡Charismatic
Authority-personal trust in character and skills
¡Rational
Authority-rational application of rules or laws
Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy
—Tenets of Bureaucracy
¡Rules
¡Specified
sphere of competence
¡Hierarchy
¡Specialized
Training
¡Workers
do not own technology
¡No
entitlement to “official position” by incumbent
¡Everything
written down
¡Maintenance
of “ideal type” -bureaucracy
Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy
—Application in the Modern
Workplace
¡Large
organizations guided by countless rules are bureaucracies
¡Linked
with inefficient, slow-moving organizations
¡Organizations
have several characteristics of bureaucracies
SUMMARY
—Classical Theories of
Organizations (p. 36)
¡Taylor’s
Theory of Scientific Management
¡Fayol’sAdministrative
Theory
¡Weber’s
Theory of Bureaucracy
—All 3 theories attempt to enhance
management’s ability to predict and control the behavior of their workers
—Considered only the task function
of communication (ignored relational and maintenance functions of
communication)
—Designed to predict and control
behavior in organizations
HUMAN RESOURCE
APPOACHES TO MANAGEMENT
HAWTHORNE STUDIES
-ELTON MAYO
Teory of Human need
-ABRAHAM MASLOW
HUMAN RESOURCE APPROACH
-assumption
-People are sosial and selt actualizing
TEORI X & TEORI Y
-DOUGLAS MCGREGOR
Organization
-CHRIS AGYRIS
Lesson of the Hawthorne Sudies
—People feeling, attitudes, and
relationship with coworkers should be important to management, and they
recognized the importance of the work group.
Maslow Theory on Human Needs
Mc Gregor’sTheory X
and Y
QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT
—Management science or Operation
Research : is the scientific approach to management that uses mathematical techniques
to analyze and solve the problem